Gathering water. Kenya. Photo: © Curt Carnemark / World Bank

[Photo credit: World Bank Photo Collection

Bioenergy in Kenya

A new Kenyan bioenergy report, Bio Energy and Poverty in Kenya: Attitude, Actors and Activities,  is published by PISCES which is a five year initiative funded by the UK’s Department for International Development (DfID). It is working in partnership with Kenya, India, Sri Lanka and Tanzania to provide policy makers with new information and approaches that they can apply to unlock the potential of bioenergy to improve energy access and livelihoods in poor communities. One of PISCES main objectives is information dissemination on issues related to biofuels and bioenergy and the impacts these have in different communities.

This report, presents the findings of socio-economic baseline surveys carried out in the Eastern Africa office of Practical Action Consulting in Kenya in 2008. The report was part of a broader baseline study carried out across the respective PISCES countries to help provide a better understanding of the current issues relating to bioenergy use, access and delivery at the community level. The discussions looked at the key interrelated issues of food, water and energy security in relation to bioenergy at the household level.

At the end of the report are a number of recommendations. Here is the general statement:

The research findings strongly indicate that drought leading to scarcity of food, waterand fuel is a major problem in the research regions. This means that however wellintended, any intervention that does not take into consideration peoples’ basic needsespecially food, is unlikely to succeed. In regions such as Mandera, for example,where scarcity of food and famine is a constant threat to the survival of families, theresearchers found that interventions in bioenergy can only be relevant if they go hand in hand with other basic unmet needs such as food and water.

You can download a pdf of the Bio Energy and Poverty in Kenya: Attitude, Actors and Activities report.

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Lake Malawi

[Photo credit: Dr Hao]

Tackling the human resources crisis in Malawi’s public health system, Debbie Palmer; Department for International Development, UK,  id21 Development Research Reporting Service, 2007

About the paper

Since the late 1990s, Malawi’s public health services have appeared to be heading for collapse due to declining staffing levels. The government launched the Essential Health Package in 2004 to help improve the health of the population, which includes scaling-up HIV and AIDS-related services. The biggest challenge facing the initiative is improving human resource levels.

The Commission for Macroeconomics and Health has highlighted how vital improved health is for economic growth and human development. As a result, the international focus has been on providing more cost-effective funding to improve health services and to strengthen national health systems. The link between staffing levels and improved health has been highlighted as the main ingredient that holds health systems together.

Malawi is one of Africa’s poorest countries. Although its health infrastructure is fairly well developed, this is in very poor condition. The public health sector has battled a rising demand for services caused by population growth and a high HIV and AIDS rate. Yet its health staffing levels, the lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, are not enough to maintain even a minimum level of care.

In 2004 the Malawian government declared the human resources shortage a crisis. The Ministry of Health launched an Essential Health Package initiative to tackle the 11 main causes of death and illness. Donors responded to the crisis by helping the country develop a complementary Emergency Human Resources Programme. A study by the UK Department for International Development’s Malawi office examined this human resources crisis. It assessed progress made within a year of implementation of the programme in April 2005.

The study found that:

  • Salary top-ups introduced to improve staff recruitment and retention helped reduce the flow of staff, especially nurses, from the public sector.
  • Good progress had been made with the recruitment and re-engagement drive, with 591 staff recruited externally by the end of 2005 and over 1,100 promoted internally.
  • The recruitment of stop-gap expatriate support included 19 people in place and the deployment shortly of a further 51 doctors and 15 nurse tutors.
  • Of the 1,000 Malawian health professionals who had left the public sector, 700 were willing to return due to top-ups, more flexible deployment and further training.
  • However, overseas migration of the most senior and experienced nurses continued in 2005.

In the past, donors have been unwilling to contribute to salaries and incentive packages for staff, due to concerns about donor dependency and project sustainability. However, this new approach has been successful in Malawi and has provided a number of lessons:

  • After it was shown that insufficient human resources prevented the success of donor-funded projects, two donors agreed to a comprehensive, outcomes-based approach for Malawi that included tackling staffing. Other African countries could also benefit from this approach.
  • The improvement of working conditions and management practices is as important as pay when it comes to improving staff morale and retention.
  • It is important to combine both short-term and long-term measures to ensure commitment to the programme. Salary top-ups, for instance, had an immediate effect.

This case illustrates the importance of management of industrial relations.

Malawi, and other African countries, will need to produce an excess of nurses to account for the ongoing migration of nurses overseas, and to track these trends.

The achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015 will only be possible if we can successfully strengthen the capacity of health systems in middle and low-income countries.
http://www.eldis.org/id21ext/Insightshealth12art6.html

How to get a copy

Download the Full text of Tackling the human resources crisis in Malawi’s public health system

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[Photo credit: DFID - UK Department for International Development under a Creative Commons license]

Partnership and collaboration seem to be keywords in Africa discussions these days.  The following press release from the NextGen Africa Forum hosted by Goods for Good explains a little why that trend is important.

New York, 17 June 2010 – Earlier this week Goods for Good hosted the NextGen Africa Forum at NYU’s Kimmel Center, where The Right Honorable Joyce Banda, Vice President of Malawi, gave an address on the plight of Africa’s 50 million orphans to an audience of 350 NGO’s, key experts in the field and other interested individuals.

The Forum was initiated by Goods for Good Founder and Executive Director, Melissa Kushner, in order to facilitate discussion the creation of partnerships for advancing Africa’s next generation. ” The issue is too complex for any one organization to tackle alone,” she explained. “We’re hosting NextGen Africa to encourage dialogue, partnership, and collaboration between organizations working towards the same goal of helping to create a better future for these children and their communities.”

Setting the tone for the evening, Vice President Joyce Banda started by giving numerous examples of how the situation in Africa is not hopeless. Interventions, when implemented properly, can and do have a real impact on the ground. “By working with local leadership – chiefs and local village leaders who are a powerful, critical mass of local leaders – important change can be made in communities. These leaders are the custodians of tradition. People listen to them because they are respected and have authority.” – she explained. Most pointedly, Vice President Banda highlighted a program spearheaded by her Foundation, which has reduced child malnutrition in Malawi from 20% to 2%.

Joyce Banda’s inspiring speech was followed by a Q & A discussion panel , complemented by Dr. Jane Aronson (Founder and CEO of the Worldwide Orphans Foundation), Ann Veneman (Former Executive Director of UNICEF) and moderated by Claire Gaudiani, author of The Greater Good.

“Working in partnership is critical. Different organizations with different goals constantly going into countries and doing their own thing doesn’t work,” said Ann Veneman. “We have to create collaborative, community approaches that will be sustainable over the long term.”

The general consensus amongst the panel and audience was that to address the issue of orphans and vulnerable children, you must first address the larger issue of poverty. For example, micro-finance programs can stimulate the economy, increase household income and provide parents with the means to better care for themselves, thereby reducing the risk of parents deaths and therefore orphans.

Increased parental income also enables the education of girls, who are customarily pulled from school first when faced with a lack of funds. When girls are unable to gain an education they typically marry at the age of 13 or 14, have children soon thereafter and enter the viscous cycle of lack of education, low income, poor nutrition including lack of pre-natal care and increased risk for early parental death.

But the concern that African orphan crisis is too large to confront with viable solutions was addressed unanimously by all parties. The resounding opinion was that “we must divide up the pie” and help one child at a time with culturally appropriate solutions.. There are many ways for individuals to become a part of the solution, starting with supporting www.goods4good.org. For just $10, Goods for Good can provide a child with the materials they need to gain an education. Joyce Banda explained: “Melissa’s nonprofit , Goods for Good, is partnering with people on the ground, and that’s the way to do it.”

About The Right Honorable Joyce Banda:

Joyce Banda is the first female Malawian Vice President. An influential advocate for women and children’s rights, she previously served as Minister of Gender, Child Welfare and Community Development and Minister of Foreign Affairs. Among other notable achievements, she received the International Award for Health and Dignity of Women by Americans for UNFPA and founded the National Association for Business for Women, a network of over 30,000 women. She also founded the Young Women Leaders Network, and the Joyce Banda Scholarship Foundation, which provides scholarships for secondary school children in Malawi.

About Goods for Good:

Goods for Good (G4G) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization founded in 2006 to promote the educational and emotional development of orphans and vulnerable children in developing nations. Through partnerships with international companies and grassroots organizations abroad, Goods for Good provides much needed school supplies, clothing and health and hygiene products to children in need while at the same time reducing waste at home. To date, Goods for Good has rescued and delivered over 120 tons of surplus goods reaching over 510,000 vulnerable children and their communities.

To learn more, visit www.goods4good.org.

Videos of the speeches and Q&A can be seen at: http://vimeo.com/goods4good/videos.

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Africa climate change. Rose Fyson Melbourne, Australia “My illustration shows how time is running out for Africa – and it's in our hands," explains Caron. “I feel that Africa will suffer most. As we all experience global warming, Africa’s resources are stretched to help overcome starvation and loss of livelihood. “Although we are troubled by drought in Australia, we know that we – as individuals – will always have help.”

[Photo credit: Oxfam International (a Creative Commons license)]

Reliefweb has produced an important report –  Climate Change and Natural Resources Conflicts in Africa (download PDF) – which presents case studies from across Africa.

Africa is among the most likely vulnerable regions of the world that are to be negatively impacted by climate change. The continent’s vulnerability to climate change arises from a combination of many factors, including extreme poverty, high rate of population increase, frequent natural disasters such as droughts and floods, and agricultural systems that are heavily dependent on rainfall. Under-development in some African states has also been a function of existing protracted natural resource conflicts and climate change worsens the situation. Climate change is a major threat to livelihood security in Africa.

This monograph encompasses papers from different disciplines and draws case studies from across Africa. It covers a range of issues relating to vulnerabilities, adaptation and mitigation of climate change and conflict management. Information provided in this monograph is expected to form the basis for decision makers across Africa to formulate and implement appropriate policies to curb the impacts of climate change.

Download a pdf of the paper

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Ethiopia drought. Cattle die in the drought - district of Admitullu Jiddo Kombolcha in Ethiopia Safia Fungie Hasenna's home district used to be known for its livestock but the drought has killed many animals. Credit: Zeresenay Berhane Mehar

[Photo credit: Oxfam International under a Creative Commons license]

A new report, The Rain Doesn’t Come On Time Anymore, Poverty, vulnerability, and climate variability in Ethiopia, is available from OXFAM publications. You can download a PDF of the report or request a hard copy from the site. More info on Oxfam’s Climate Hearings

Climate variability in Ethiopia is not new – but now, in addition to the usual struggles, Ethiopians living in poverty are additionally suffering the effects of climate change – both more variable climate and more extreme weather events.

People who are already poor and marginalized are struggling with the added burden of climate variability. For now, this means that the little that they have goes to dealing with the current unpredictable weather because their livelihoods are so dependent on it. When selling off assets becomes a mean to cope, there is little left to plan for the future. Thus, communities are faced with simultaneously increasing climate variability, and with it increasing risk and vulnerability.

In 2009, Oxfam commissioned research on climate variability in four administrative areas in Ethiopia. The research set out to answer three fundamental questions:

These questions are especially important to explore in Ethiopia because it is one of the poorest countries in the world, where 85 percent of the population depends on agriculture.
Do Ethiopian farmers and pastoralists perceive changes in weather patterns? If so, what are they? What meteorological information is available in the four study areas?

How have farmers and pastoralists been coping with and adapting to these changes in weather patterns?

What policy recommendations emerge from these specific case studies that will increase the resilience of poor men and women in Ethiopia?

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Lake Malawi

[Photo credit: platours_flickr]

About the paper

Regional variation in livelihood strategies in Malawi, Hatlebakk,M. Chr. Michelsen Institute, Norway (2009)

An obvious pathway out of poverty for poor households in agricultural based economy is to supplement agricultural incomes with non-farm economic activities. This paper identifies livelihood strategies at the household level as a function of assets held in Malawi. In particular, the paper tries to identify factors that may enable the poor to leave the poverty trap that subsistence agriculture represents.

The paper reveals that land, household size, age and primary education are important determinants of livelihood strategies. The paper’s main findings are as follows:

  • the pure farming strategy is more likely, the larger is the farm
  • combination of farming with other activities is more likely in larger households
  • younger people are more likely to find non-farm jobs
  • completed primary education increases the chance of getting a salaried job
  • there is more diversification in livelihood strategies in the southern region, where poverty is higher, but southern households may do more low salaried work and household businesses
  • there are some differences between ethnic and religious groups, with households from the Muslim community being more likely to be engaged in household businesses

Equally important, the paper finds that some resources are needed to be able to conduct non-farm economic activities. It presents these two recommendations:

  • investment in primary education, taking into account the low initial level of education in Malawi, is probably a good investment for rural development
  • poorer farmers in southern region may learn from the more productive farmers in the central region, where there is more emphasise on cash-crop production, and also possibly combine agriculture with household businesses to a larger extent

[Via ELDIS]

How to get a copy

Available online at: http://www.eldis.org/cf/rdr/?doc=44646&em=030310⊂=agric

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Yaounde, Cameroon

[Photo credit: zzilch]

About the paper

Abstract

Many investments in infrastructure are built on the belief that they will ineluctably lead to poverty reduction and income generation. This has entailed massive aid-financed projects in roads in developing countries. However, the lack of robust evaluations and a comprehensive theoretical framework could raise questions about current strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using the second Cameroonian national household survey (Enquete Camerounaise Aupres des Menages II, 2001) and the Cameroon case study, this paper demonstrates that investing uniformly in tarred roads in Africa is likely to have a much lower impact on poverty than expected. Isolation from a tarred road is found to have no direct impact on consumption expenditures in Cameroon. The only impact is an indirect one in the access to labor activities. This paper reasserts the fact that access to roads is only one factor contributing to poverty reduction (and not necessarily the most important in many cases). Considering that increase in non-farming activities is the main driver for poverty reduction in rural Africa, the results contribute to the idea that emphasis on road investments should be given to locations where non-farming activities could be developed, which does mean that the last mile in rural areas probably should not be a road.

How to get a copy

Download a PDF of  the impact of roads on poverty reduction from World Bank

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[Photo credit: Dust Mason]

About the Paper

Much to lose, little to gain Assessing EPAs from the perspective of Malawi, TearFund 2007

Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) between the European Union (EU) and African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries pose a major threat to development and poverty reduction. The ACP countries include some of the poorest countries in the world – 39 of the world’s 50 Least Developed Countries (LDCs). Yet EPAs will require the ACP to liberalise substantially all of their trade with the EU. The EU is also using EPAs to push its agenda on the so-called ‘Singapore issues’ that developing countries have refused to negotiate at the World Trade Organisation (WTO) for years.
The EPA negotiations are unbalanced. There is great disparity between the ACP and EU in terms of development and economic power. Also, there are fundamental differences in understanding between the ACP and EU of how the ACP-EU trade relationship can serve development purposes. ACP governments, parliamentarians and civil society are expressing increasing concern about EPAs, in terms of process, content and the potential impact on ACP economies and populations.
This report looks at EPAs from the perspective of Malawi. Malawi’s stakes in EPAs are high: as the single largest market for Malawi’s exports and a key source of imports, the EU is an important trading partner. For the EU, however, trade with Malawi accounts for a
mere 0.01 per cent of its world trade.1
This report shows that an EPA threatens to, inter alia:
  • reinforce Malawi’s position as an exporter of low-value, unprocessed commodities, undermining the Malawian government’s development strategy to ‘add value’ to agricultural goods and to develop a manufacturing sector
  • undermine regional integration between Malawi and its neighbours
  • lead to a significant loss of fiscal revenue and induce other major adjustment costs.
Given the threat that EPAs pose to development and poverty reduction and considering the concerns being raised by stakeholders across the ACP, we make a number of recommendations outlined overleaf.

Produced by: Malawi Economic Justice Network (2007) together with TearFund

How to get a copy

Download paper online at: http://tilz.tearfund.org/webdocs/Website/Campaigning/Policy%20and%20research/much_to_lose_little_to_gain.pdf

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This is a great opportunity to nominate local and indigenous communities for this award.

The Call for Nominations for the Equator Prize 2010 officially opened on 11 January 2010. The Equator Prize is awarded biennially by the UNDP Equator Initiative for outstanding local, indigenous and community efforts to reduce poverty through the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Now in its fifth award cycle, the Equator Prize has special significance during the International Year of Biodiversity, 2010.

The Equator Prize 2010 will be awarded to twenty-five local and indigenous communities from across the tropics; twenty will receive US$5,000 and a further five will be selected as “special recognition” winners and receive a total of US$20,000. “Special recognition” will be awarded in each region of prize eligibility (Africa, Asia and the Pacific, and Latin America and the Caribbean), one for indigenous peoples and applied traditional knowledge, and one for ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change. Equator Prize winners receive international recognition for their work and an opportunity to shape international policy and practice in the field.

Equator Prize winners are selected on the principal criteria of impact, partnerships, sustainability, innovation and transferability, leadership and community empowerment, as well as gender equality and social inclusion. Past Equator Prize winners have spanned fields of work ranging from agro-forestry to seed banks, agriculture to enterprise, indigenous and community-conserved areas to locally-managed marine areas, adaptation to climate change to organic farming, and more. Equator Prize winners share the common feature of reconciling viable livelihoods with the maintenance of biological diversity and ecological balance.

How to nominate

Nominations for the Equator Prize 2010 must be received by 28 February 2010.

You are encouraged to nominate qualified community initiatives that are active in environmental conservation and sustainable livelihoods within the equatorial region. Self-nominations are also welcome.

Further information on the Equator Prize, selection criteria and nomination instructions is available at www.equatorinitiative.org.

Supporting rural livelihoods through water investment in sub-Saharan Africa

Authors: ; International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD); Land and Water Development Division, FAO
Publisher: Land and Water Development Division, FAO, 2008

Insecure access to water for consumption and productive uses is a major constraint on poverty reduction in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa. This publication addresses the linkage between water and rural poverty in the region, in order to help decision-makers make informed choices on where and how to invest. Drawing on past experiences, it demonstrates that there are many opportunities to invest in water in support of rural livelihoods. It discusses conditions for success and proposes water-based, context-specific, and livelihood-centred approaches to poverty reduction in rural areas.

The report argues that the likelihood of implementing successful interventions in the water sector varies according to the main sources of livelihood of rural populations, dictated in large part by the predominant farming systems, themselves closely related to agro-ecological conditions. Understanding the geographical distribution of the rural poor and their relation to livelihood zones therefore helps in designing intervention strategies to improve water management and increase both the resilience and productivity of agriculture, as well as agricultural incomes.

To this end, the report proposes a method for identifying the locations where water constraints are a major factor in determining poverty and where interventions can be made that would take large numbers of poor farmers out of poverty. It identifies and maps 13 major “livelihood zones” in SSA, each of which offers distinct opportunities for livelihood sustenance and development, has different agro-ecological conditions, and shows different angles for water-related investments for poverty reduction.

The report also identifies four main categories of rural people and analyses their specific water-related requirements. The four groups are: (i) the extremely vulnerable; (ii) traditional smallholders, livestock keepers and nomads; (iii) emerging market-oriented smallholders; and (iv) large commercial farmers. It is emphasised throughout that the choice of interventions at different scales should be taken from a non-prescriptive menu of appropriate options and based on an understanding of the particular context and target group.

The report concludes by discussing a set of typical water intervention options, and analyses their range of application and potential for poverty reduction according to the various livelihood zones. Six categories of possible interventions are discussed in view of their poverty-reduction potential:

  • better management of soil moisture in rainfed areas
  • investment in water harvesting and small storage
  • small-scale community-based irrigation schemes
  • improved water access and control for peri-urban agriculture
  • development of water supply to meet multiple water uses
  • an environmentally-aware system of improved water access for livestock in arid and semi-arid areas.

Download a PDF copy of Water and the rural poor

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