Monthly Archives: August 2009
Malawi: Water and Sanitation
MDGs and sanitation
Water and sanitation in urban Malawi: Can they meet the Millennium Development Goals? A study of informal settlements in three cities by Mtafu A. Zeleza Manda.
This paper assesses the quality and extent of provision for water and sanitation in urban areas in Malawi – where over 60% of the population lives in informal settlements. It also considers whether the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for water and sanitation are likely to be met in Malawi, and examines the current and potential role of community-led sanitation improvements. It includes recommendations for interventions needed by governmental, international and civil-society organizations to improve living conditions of communities to contribute to the realization of the MDGs.
How to get a copy
Download the paper from here
Handbook on community-led total sanitation
Good sanitation is such a big need in most of Africa. This manual is not Africa specific, but I thought this might be useful.
Handbook on community-led total sanitation
Authors: K. Kar; R. Chambers
Publisher: Plan International, 2008
Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) is a participatory process focused on promoting change in sanitation behaviour through social action – stimulated by facilitators from within or outside the community. Aimed at empowering local communities this handbook is a source of ideas and experiences to be used for CLTS orientation workshops, advocacy to stakeholders as well as for implementing CLTS activities. It is intended as a tool for field staff, facilitators and trainers to plan, implement and follow up on CLTS activities.
A sequence of possible steps and tools, including do’s and don’t, are provided to help trigger CLTS in a community. They include:
- Pre-triggering
- Selecting a community
- Introduction and building rapport
- Triggering
- Participatory sanitation profile analysis
- Ignition moment
- Post-triggering
- Action planning by the community
- Follow up
- Scaling up and going beyond CLTS
Users are encouraged to use and modify the processes outlined in this handbook as they see fit to compliment their given context. The handbook includes experiences and material provided by the DFID-funded Institute of Development Studies research programme on ‘Going to Scale with Community-Led Total Sanitation’.
How to get a copy
From Community Led Total Sanitation (pdf)
Source: ELDIS

Mali : Developing legal tools for citizen empowerment
(IIED, December 2008)
This study identifies legal tools that can be used by local people to better secure their land rights and to participate more effectively in investment decisions and benefits. It assesses the strengths and weaknesses of these tools, and the opportunities and constraints associated with them. It also considers ways to increase their effectiveness, and identifies next steps for policy engagement and capacity building work.

Hillary Clinton in Africa discussion
Over the last few days Hillary Clinton‘s visit to Africa as US Secretary of State has dominated the news channels and Twitter streams. Yesterday, I watched a twitterfriend of mine, Ida Horner from @ethnicsupplies, in an hour long TV programme, Shoot the Messenger. It’s a thought-provoking, wide ranging discussion involving a studio panel and several radio interviews.
Hillary Clinton’s eleven-day tour of seven countries shows just how high the continent seems to be on the American foreign policy agenda. The question is why? Ostensibly, Clinton’s trip is to promote better trade relations between the US and Africa, and between African countries themselves. But what’s the true basis of US interest in Africa?
Studio guests: IDA HORNER, Ethnic Supplies Ltd, ALEC VAN GELDER, International Policy Network and RICHARD GIBSON, journalist and writer. Also featuring Professor JAMES SMALL and historian ANTHONY T. BROWER.
- Why is Mrs Clinton really in Africa?
- Is the US African Growth Opportunity ACt helping African women?
A Time to Grieve – A Time to Grow : The Healing Wisdom of Africa
Guest Post Contributed By Dr. Malidoma Some
Water is a key element in the cosmological wheel, that in the beginning cooled the raging fires and brought stability, reorienting the cosmic energy towards producing continuity and community. Since then, people all over the world have felt the need to return again to water for purification, cleansing reconciling and making peace in the face of the onslaught of life’s challenges.
This means that to the indigenous, challenge or crisis is cosmologically and spiritually symptomatic of a rise in fire. When someone is in crisis regarding the nature of the crisis, that person is said to be returning to the fire. The distress of the person drifting towards or into the fire is a plea for radically reconciling introduction of water. When there is no water around, we are vulnerable to crisis. People, especially people in crisis are naturally attracted to water. Many recognize that when they are agitated about something in their lives, they find peace at the waterfront. Just the sight of a large body of water brings a feeling of peace and calm, a feeling of home. Water resets a system gone dry in which motion is accelerated beyond what we can bear. African healing wisdom looks at physical illness as a fire moving person’s energy beyond the limit of what he or she can bear. This suggests that we all need water and need rituals of water to sty balanced, oriented and reconciled.
There are countless aspects of human experience that water rituals affect in a healing way. One of them, perhaps the most important, is the emotional self. Many people in the Western world walk around like time bombs, loaded with contradictory emotions that are often so hard to articulate that the individual is dangerous to himself and surroundings. Perhaps among these emotions is grief. In this culture the challenge of confronting overwhelming grief must be considered the most crucial task in reconciling energy of water.
In indigenous Africa, one cannot conceive of a community that does not grieve. In my village, people cry every day. Until grief is restored in the West as the starting place where modern man and women might find peace, the culture will continue to abuse and ignore the power of water, and in turn will be fascinated with fire. Grief must be approached as a release of the tension created by separation and disconnection from someone or something that matters. The average Western person is grieving about being isolated. Western men in particular are grieving about the dead because they didn’t grieve properly and they were told men don’t cry. In my work, I hear this everywhere. Grief is not only an expression in tears, but in anger rage, frustration and sadness. An angry person is a person on the road to tears, the softer version of grief. Sadness and the felling of heaviness within are symptomatic of a deep well of grief in the psyche underground.
One must ask why tears the softest expression of grief, are not as acceptable in the modern world as anger and rage. I say this because to indigenous Africans emotions are sacred. To villagers it looks as if the West is uncomfortable with tears because one cannot argue verbally, logically against this kind of emotion. Villagers also believe that the westerners are afraid of emotion because they are afraid to lose control. Emotions have tendencies to spread from person to person and therefore social control in the Western mind is being risked with any display of emotion.
Many Westerners are beginning to see that there is also danger in remaining stuck with rage, anger and sadness; they are the directionless vehicles of a grief that remains hidden. When these emotions are not allowed a fluid catharsis, one is left in a state of incompleteness. The end of the domination of one’s life by such emotions requires an outpouring of liquid. You cannot truly grieve within and remain composed without. Emotion is an extraverted phenomenon and it cannot find its much needed release if expressed only internally. Denied an outward expression, grief grows stronger and organizes its self like a hurricane that can rise up and sweep us away. I have heard many times people express their fear of grief because they feel that if they begin to release it, they will be overcome, eventually drowning in their own tears. Indeed, this is how it feels, but this is not what actually happens.
In my village, emotion is ritualized because it is seen as a sacred thing. If addressed with a sacred space, emotions of grief can provide powerful relief and healing. Any time the feeling of loss arises, there is an energy that demands ritual in order to allow reconciliation and the return of peace. These are crisis that water ritual can resolve. Water ritual helps to shed the massive accumulation of negative emotions due to loss, failure and powerlessness. Each one of these problems heightens our awareness of the challenges of life. Loss and powerlessness are particularly humbling because they disrupt continuity and reveal our humanity. One of the things all humans have in common is loss, be it loss of loved ones or loss of dreams, be it loss of a job or a relationship. In all of these situations, water rituals are necessary.
Dr. Malidoma Somé is one of today’s most eloquent champions of indigenous wisdom. His life and teaching form a bridge between the traditional ways of his people, the Dagara of West Africa – among whom he is an initiated elder – and the modern world.. He is the author of several internationally acclaimed books including Ritual: Power, Healing and Community, Of Water and The Spirit, and The Healing Wisdom of Africa. Join Dr. Malidoma Some’ at Blue Deer Center Margaretville, NY (845) 586-3225 September 25-27, 2009.
For more information about Dr. Malidoma Some’ visit: www.bluedeer.org call 845-586-3225
Suggested Books

Some surprising facts : America NEEDS Africa!
I wrote this article a while ago, but in the light of Hillary Clinton’s visit to the continent it seems pertinent now too.
I’ve just been reading through the report by Brett Schaeffer from 2006 on the Heritage Foundation website about America’s Growing Reliance on African Energy Resources. Now I know this is old stuff, nothing breaking new here. But it made interesting reading. One statistic stuck out – Did you know that in 2005 the US imported 18.6 % of it’s oil from North and sub-Saharan Africa compared to 17.4% from the Middle East? In 2006 that percentage had risen to 20.1% from Africa but only 15.5% from the Middle East. With the current crisis in fossil fuels it is easy to see that Africa is going to have a growing importance to the US economic and national security interests.
the importance of expanding and ensuring America’s access to energy resources has transformed Africa from a strategic backwater into a priority region for U.S. economic, political, and military interests. HowÂever, pursuit of oil should not trump the economic and political reform necessary to sustain long-term economic growth and development. Oil revenues in developing countries tend to foster corruption, conÂtribute to instability, and undermine incentives for reform. This tendency makes it all the more imporÂtant for the United States to press oil-producing nations in Africa to adopt policy changes that would ensure that wealth from natural resources will not be squandered or contribute to political repression and instability.
The report goes on to say that:
As important as Africa is as a current source of energy for the U.S., it will continue to grow in importance in the coming years. According to BP Global, Africa accounted for 11.4 percent of global oil production in 2004 and held 9.4 percent of proved reserves. As shown in Table 2, Africa’s proved reserves have nearly doubled in the past decade, from 65 billion barrels to 112 billion barrels. CurÂrently, the key oil countries in Africa are Algeria, Angola, Libya, Nigeria, and Sudan. Although these countries are recognized sources of oil, much of Africa’s petroleum resources remain underdeveloped or unexplored, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. A number of AfriÂcan countries are believed to hold significant reserves and are expected to increase production in coming years. Within the next decade, Africa’s production is expected to double, and U.S. imports of oil from West Africa alone are forecast to increase to 25 percent of total U.S. oil imports.
Interesting eh?
Adire African Textiles Blog
There’s a new blog called Adire African Textiles. It’s worth a look.
Adire African Textiles is a small London based gallery dedicated solely to exploring the vintage textile traditions of sub-Saharan Africa. We work with a network of partners throughout West Africa to source exceptional museum quality textiles for clients that include leading museums worldwide, private collectors, and interior designers.

Land-grabbing in Africa by foreign investors
I’m glad to see that land-grabbing in Africa has become a hot topic since I wrote the analysis below over 6 weeks ago.The BBC have now picked up the issue with a new post Africa investment sparks land grab fears, so I think it is timely to update this post.
There is an  article on land-grabbing from the Independent. This time it is Madagascar where there have been riots over the government selling off a 99 year lease of 1.3 million hectares of farmland (about 1/2 the size of Belgium) to Korea. Korea intends to farm the land – with maize and palm oil and send the produce back to Korea. Food prices in Madagascar are already high and people are struggling live. According to the Independent:
The phenomenon [of land-grabbing] is accelerating at an alarming rate, with an area half the size of Europe’s farmland targeted in just the past six months.
There is a thought-provoking article on IRIN about a massive amount of land-grabbing in Africa. You may also be interested in the analytical map in the article showing ‘land-grabbing in Africa by foreign investors‘. The process seems equivalent to the colonial farming process. Huge ‘farms’ which are really industrial complexes are made up of annexed territories of ‘leased’ land linked to far-off markets. Sounds familiar? Does it really matter? I think it does. It is the size and the manner of the annexation of lands which is definitely worrying both in its neo-colonial overtones and the impact on local people. The annexers argue that the land is idle and unused, but an overview of known situations show that mostly this is not the case. Wasn’t this a colonial argument too? – that local people did not know how to utilise their own land. The leasers involve Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Egypt, Jordan, China and India. In the case of China there has often been an attempt to settle their own people in the leased land rather than using or training local farmers.
From the article here are just a few points:
- Kenya:Â proposal to lease a large chunk of the fertile Tanya River Delta land to Quatar which currently supports 150,000 farming families.
- Mozambique: leased land to China (and resisted the attempt to settle thousands of Chinese agricultural workers).
- Madagascar: Negotiating with South Korea on the lease of 1.5 million hectares led to the conflict that overthrew the government.
- Malawi: China leased land for cotton plant.
- Sudan: received huge foreign investments in agriculture. 75 deals made worth $3.8 billion in the last 8 years. 8 countries are involved.
- Rwanda: announced a new programme to identify “unexploited“ arable land for foreign investors.
- Republic of Congo: announced it would lease 10 million hectares of farmland to individual foreign farmers to boost its food security.
Read the full report from IRIN
Read some more posts on land-grabbing
Suggested Books
The Emergence of Land Markets in Africa: Impacts on Poverty, Equity, and EfficiencyReport of Baseline Study on Land and Property Grabbing(Botswana)
Socioeconomic Change and Land Use in Africa: The Transformation of Property Rights in Maasailand
Find jobs in West Africa
Daniel Morris’s article about finding work in West Africa is very good and practical. He looks at the various options available. One of the main tenets seems to be that you need to actually be in the country you are seeking work in. It is not usually possible to find work on the internet. Embassy visa offices seem a good source of work. I have heard of 4 year contracts but more likely they are two year contracts. You may be able to find these positions through embassy websites.
Mali : Critique of World Bank involvement in Primary Education
Whilst looking for educational statistics for Mali I came across the following critique of the World Bank‘s role in education in Mali. It is part of a report ‘Evaluation of World Bank support for primary education’. You can download the full report from the site.
Education in Mali
Executive Summary
This case study examines the impact of World Bank assistance to the education sector in Mali from 1990 to 2005. It also examines the ways in which government, donors, NGOs, and civil society have responded to the enormous challenges in the sector. It also suggests a variety of ways in which the support from all actors, and particularly the Bank, can be improved.
Malian children are among the poorest in the world. In 2001, 239 children per 1,000 died before reaching age five; 83 percent of children had anemia. Those children who make it to school are confronted with a system ill suited to their needs. There are not enough chairs, books, pencils, or teachers, let alone more modern teaching materials. For most children, most instruction is in a language they do not understand. Not surprisingly, a very high percentage of children in the Malian school system fail. Repetition rates averaged 19 percent per year in 2002. The pass rate for the sixth-grade primary school exam is about 50 percent; sixth-grade students are frequently incapable of decoding single sentences in their textbooks.
Suggested Books

Mali : Masquerades of the Bozo, Kirango
This interesting webpage by Elisabeth den Otter has lots of photos which you can access through links. It covers the rarely seen circumcision ceremony and has other cultural information.
Kirango is an old village located on the bank of the Niger river, about 35 km north-east of the city of Ségou. The inhabitants are Bamanan (farmers) and Bozo/Somono (fishermen). Both ethnic groups celebrate their masquerades, each in its own way. For the Bozo/Somono circumcision is a very important ceremony, which takes place about every ten years. For that occasion, they organize a masquerade, with dances, masks, and ‘sogow’ (literally ‘animals’) that represent an animal, symbolic or domestic. They are accompanied by drumming and singing.
Source: masquerades of the bozo, kirango (mali)

Ghana, Uganda, Kenya and South Africa school pix
Now this is a good idea – work with teachers and head teachers and give kids in African schools cameras and let them shoot away depicting life in their school and at home. I thought of doing this when doing my PhD, but at the time it didn’t work out. I think it is still a good idea though, and kudos to PBS for doing it to show US kids and others about the lives of African kids.
Have a look at the site and see what the kids came up with.
Here’s a sample:
Welcome to the West African Secondary School in Ghana!
See the rest of the Ghanaian school pix
Welcome to the Mengo Senior School!

See the rest of the Ugandan school pix
Welcome to the Canon Kituri Secondary School!
See the rest of the Kenyan school pix
Welcome to Winterveldt, South Africa. Take a Tour with Us!

See the rest of the South African school pix





